When speaking about graphene, we must first point out the natural mineral graphite that is commonly present in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are prepared layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are closely linked, but the combination of carbon atoms between different layers is loose, like a pile of playing cards. With a gentle push, the cards will certainly slide apart.
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From the viewpoint of chemical framework, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer form covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to 3 other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms create a routine hexagonal ring on the very same plane, extending to develop a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is just one of the cards in this pile of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material composed of a single layer of carbon atoms. Stacking graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite consists of about 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is hard to peel a solitary layer structure.
Greater than twenty years ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, researchers at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there must be a way to acquire a single layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a single layer of graphite be peeled? Researchers took a really “easy and unrefined” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we write a typo theoretically, we will certainly stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, researchers frankly associate that if tape can stay with the surface area of paper, can it also stay with layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and tore off the tape, the graphite sheet was split into two. Although the density of graphite at this time is still far from that of a single layer of graphite, researchers have actually verified the expediency of this technique – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite ends up being thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to duplicate the procedure, they ultimately obtained a thin sheet containing only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this approach of continuously scrubing graphite sheets with tape to acquire graphene has low manufacturing performance and can only be used to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the renovation of clinical and technological levels, the prep work approach of graphene has actually likewise made terrific progress. At present, along with this typical physical and mechanical exfoliation method, there are additionally numerous approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox method, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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